You are hereForums / USMLE Forums / USMLE Notes and Medical Mnemonics / Internal Medicine:Pancytopaenia differential
Internal Medicine:Pancytopaenia differential
Pancytopaenia differential
"All Of My Blood Has Taken Some Poison":
Aplastic anaemias
Overwhelming sepsis
Megaloblastic anaemias
Bone marrow infiltration
Hypersplenism
TB
SLE
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria Haematology: key numbers
3 and 4 are key in in haematology:
1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.
There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.
There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.
There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin. Back trouble causes
O, VERSALIUS (Versalius was the name of a famous physician):
Osteomyelitis
Vertebral fracture
Extraspinal tumour
Spondylolisthesis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Lumbar disk increase
Intraspinal tumor
Unhappiness
Stress Sports injuries: course of action RICE:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
? RICE especially for fractures, sprains, muscle strains, contusions
? Alternatively: I=Immobilization, C=Cold compresses. Back pain causes DISK MASS (since near vertebral disc):
Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis)
Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture
Spondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
Kidney (stones, infarction, infection)
Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid)
Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm
Skin (herpes zoster)/ Strain/ Scoliosis and lordosis Slipped disk/ Spondylolisthesis Bronchiectasis: differential BRONCHIECTASIS:
Bronchial cyst
Repeated gastric acid aspiration
Or due to foreign bodies
Necrotizing pneumonia
Chemical corrosive substances
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Immotile cilia syndrome
Eosinophilia (pulmonary)
Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis (primary)
Atopic bronchial asthma
Streptococcal pneumonia
In Young's syndrome
Staphylococcal pneumonia Sickle cell disease complications SICKLE:
Strokes/ Swelling of hands and feet/ Spleen problems
Infections/ Infarctions
Crises (painful, sequestration, aplastic)/ Cholelithiasis/ Chest syndrome/ Chronic hemolysis/ Cardiac problems
Kidney disease
Liver disease/ Lung problems
Erection (priapism)/ Eye problems (retinopathy) ADP: role in platelet aggregation
ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets. Gynecomastia: common causes GYNECOMASTIA:
Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter)
Young boy (pubertal)*
Neonate*
Estrogen
Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers
Old age*
Marijuana
Alcoholism
Spironolactone
Tumors (Testicular & adrenal)
Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone
Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole)
? * Asterisk indicates physiologic cause. Lethargy, malaise causes FATIGUED:
Fat/ Food (poor diet)
Anemia
Tumor
Infection (HIV, endocarditis)
General joint or liver disease
Uremia
Endocrine (Addison's, myxedema)
Diabetes/ Depression/ Drugs Polycythemia Rubra Vera (PRV): common symptoms
PRV:
Plethora/ Pruritis
Ringing in ears
Visual blurriness Rashes: time of appearance after fever onset
"Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise":
? Number of days after fever onset that a rash will appear:
1 Day: Rubella
2 Days: Scarlet fever/ Smallpox
3 Days: Chickenpox
4 Days: Measles (and see the Koplik spots one day prior to rash)
5 Days: Typhus & rickettsia (this is variable)
6 Days: Nothing
7 Days: Enteric fever (salmonella) Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes
A MUDPILE CAT:
Alcohol
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Paraldehyde
Iron/ Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Carbamazepine
Aspirin
Toluene Bronchiectasis: causes
A SICK AIRWAY:
Airway lesion, chronic obstruction
Sequestration
Infection, inflamation
Cystic fibrosis
Kartagners syndrome
Allergic brochopulmonary aspergilliosis
Immunodeficiencies (hypogammaglobinaemia, myeloma, lymphoma)
Reflux, inhalation injury
William Campbell syndrome (and other congenitals)
Aspiration
Yellow nail syndrome/ Young syndrome Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis
"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss": There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis. HbA2: concentration in normal blood
HbA2: Concentration of HbA2 is 2% in normal adult blood. Ducket John's: major criteria
ACNES:
Arthritis
Carditis
Nodule (subcutaneous)
Erythrema marginatum
Sydenham chorea ICU management: A to Z
A: Asepsis/ Airway
B: Bed sore/ encourage Breathing/ Blood pressure
C: Circulation/ encourage Coughing/ Consciousness
D: Drains
E: ECG
F: Fluid status
G: GI losses/ Gag reflex
H: Head positioning/ Height
I: Insensible losses
J: Jugular venous pulse
K: Kindness
L: Limb care/ Label
M: Mouth care
N: Nociception/ Nutrition
O: Oxygenation/ Orient the patient
P: Pulse/ Peristalsis/ Physiotherapy
Q: Quiet surroundings
R: Respiratory rate/ Restraint
S: Stress ulcer/ Suctioning
T: Temperature
U: Urine
V: Ventilator
W: Wounds/ Weight
X: Xerosis
Y: whY
Z: Zestful care of the patient Hypercalcemia causes
MD PIMPS ME:
Malignancy
Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit)
Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Immobilization/ Idiopathic
Megadoses of vitamins A,D
Paget's disease
Sarcoidosis
Milk alkali syndrome
Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis) Left iliac fossa: causes of pain
SUPER CLOT:
Sigmoid diverticulitis
Uteric colic
PID
Ectopic pregnancy
Rectus sheath haematoma
Colorectal carcinoma
Left sided lower love pneumonia
Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture)
Threatened abortion/ Testicular torsion Respiratory disease: hand signs CASH:
Clubbing
Asterixis
Small muscle wasting
HPOA Clubbing: respiratory causes
ABCDEF:
Abcess (lung)
Bronchiectasis (including CF)
Cancer (lung)
Decreased oxygen (hypoxia)
Empyaema
Fibrosing alveolitis Pulmonary edema: treatments MAD DOG:
Morphine
Aminophylline
Digitalis
Diuretics
Oxygen
GGases in blood (ABG's) Hypercalcemia: causes GRIM FED:
Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
Renal faliure
Immobility (esp. long term)
Malignancy
Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)
? Endocrine causes are PATH:
Phaeochromocytoma
Addison's disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperparathyroidism Acute stridor: differentialABCDE?FGH:
? With fever: Abscess Bacterial tracheitis Croup Diphtheria Epiglottitis
? Without fever: Foreign body Gas (Toxic Gas) Hypersensitivity Hypercalcemia: differential VITAMIN TRAPS:
Vitamin A and D intoxication
Immobilization
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison's disease/ Acidosis
Milk-alkali syndrome
Inflammatory disorders
Neoplastic disease
Thiazides, other drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
AIDS
Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease Metabolic acidosis: causes USED CAR:
Ureteroenterostomy
Saline hydration
Endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroid, hyperthyroid, Addison's)
Diarrhea/ DKA/ Drugs
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Ammonium chloride
Renal tubular acidosis
? Alternatively: USED CARP, to include
Parenteral nutrition/ Pancreatic fistula. Pulmonary edema: treatment LMNOP:
Lasix
Morphine
Nitrates (NTG)
Oxygen
Position (upright vs. flat) Eosinophilia: differential NAACP:
Neoplasm
Allergy/ Asthma Addison's disease
Collagen vascular diseases
Parasites SIADH: diagnostic sign
Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone:
Increased
Na (sodium)
PP (urine)
? SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium. Thyroid storm: initial management PCP'S:
PTU - 1 gm po
Corticosteroids
Propranolol
SSKI Renal failure (acute): management
Manage AEIOU:
Anemia/ Acidosis
Electrolyte and fluids
Infections
Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting
Uremia Non-gap acidosis: causes HARD UP:
Hyperalimentation
Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
RTA
Diarrhea
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Pancreatic fistula Hemoptysis: causes HEMOPTYSIS:
Haemorrhagic diathesis
Edema [LVF due to mitral stenosis]
Malignancy
Others [eg: vasculitis]
Pulmonary vascular abnormalities
Trauma
Your treatment [anticoagulants]
SLE
Infarction in lungs
Septic Abdominal pain: medical causes "ABDOMENAL PANE" [abdominal pain]:
Acute rheumatic fever
Blood [purpura, a/c hemolytic crisis]
DKA
cOllagen vascular disease
Migraine [abdominal migraine]
Epilepsy [abdominal epilepsy]
Nephron [uremia]
Abdominal angina
Lead
Porphyria
Arsenic
NSAID's
Enteric fever Haemobilia: features MOB:
Melaena Obstructive jaundice Biliary colic Thickened nerves: causes
HANDS:
Hansen's (leprosy)
Amyloidosis
Neurofibromatosis
Diabetes mellitus
Sarcoidosis SIADH: major signs and symptoms
SIADH:
Spasms
Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx)
Anorexia
Disorientation (and other psychoses)
Hyponatremia Toxicity/ sepsis: signs 6 T's:
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Tremors
Toxic look
Tiredness
Temperature (fever) Macrocytic anemia: causes ABCDEF:
Alcohol + liver disease
B12 deficiency
Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)
Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy) Behcet's syndrome: diagnostic criteria
PROSE:
Pathergy test (i/d saline injection)
Recurrent genital ulceration
Oral ulceration (recurrent)
Skin lesions
Eye lesions
? Oral ulceration is central criteria, plus any 2 others. Metabolic acidosis: causes KUSSMAL:
Ketoacidosis
Uraemia
Sepsis
Salicylates
Methanol
Alcohol
Lactic acidosis Allopurinol: indications STORE:
Stones (history of renal stones)
Tophaceous gout (chronic)
Over-producers of urate
Renal disease
Elderly
Bonus: Probenecid indications are basically the opposite of STORE (no renal stone history, etc.). Raynaud's disease: causes BAD CT:
Blood disorders (eg polycythaemia)
Arterial (eg atherosclerosis, Buerger's)
Drugs (eg beta-blockers)
Connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)
Traumatic (eg vibration injury) Lead poisoning (chronic): features ABCDEFGHI:
Anaemia/ Anorexia/ Arthralgia/ Abortion/ Atrophy of optic nerve
Basophilic stippling of RBC (punctate basophilia)/ Burtonian line on gums
Colic/ Constipation/ Coprophyrin excess in urine/ Cerebraloedema
Drop (wrist, foot)
Encephalopathy/ Emaciation
Foul smell of breath/ Failure of kidneys/ Fanconi syndrome
Gonadal dysfunction/ Gout-like picture
High BP/ Headache/ Hallucination/ Hyperaesthesia
Impotence/ Insomnia/ Irritability Splenomegaly: causes CHICAGO:
Cancer Hem, onc Infection Congestion (portal hypertension) Autoimmune (RA, SLE) Glycogen storage disorders Other (amyloidosis) SIADH: causes SIADH:
Surgery
Intracranial: infection, head injury, CVA
Alveolar: Ca, pus
Drugs: opiates,antiepileptics, cytotoxics, anti-psychotics
Hormonal: hypothyroid, low corticosteroid level Ileus: causes MD SPUGERS:
Mesenteric ischemia
Drugs (see below)
Surgical (post-op)
Peritonitis/ Pancreatitis (sentinnel loop)
Unresolved mechanical obstruction (eg mass, intussusception, blockage)
Gram negative sepsis
Electrolyte imbalance (eg hypokalemia)
Retroperitoneal bleed or hematoma
Spinal or pelvic fracture
? Drugs are Aluminum hydroxide, Ba++, Ca carbonate, opiates, TCA, verapamil. Ulcers: types VAN:
Venous/ Vasculitic
Arterial
Neuropathic Pulmonary fibrosis: causes SCAR:
? Upper lobe:
Silicosis/ Sarcoidosis
Coal worker pneumonconiosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Radiation
? Lower lobe:
Systemic sclerosis
Cyptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
Asbetosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Dialysis indications HAVE PEE:
Hyperkalemia (refractory)
Acidosis (refractory)
Volume overload
Elevated BUN (> 36 mM)
Pericarditis
Encephalopathy
Edema (pulmonary) SLE: factors that make SLE active UV PRISM:
UV (sunshine)
Pregnancy
Reduced drug (eg steroid)
Infection
Stress
More drug Pruritus without rash: Ddx
ITCHING DX:
Infections (scabies, toxocariasis, etc)
Thyroidal and other endocrinopathies (eg diabetes mellitus)
Cancer
Hematologic diseases (eg iron deficiency)/ Hepatopathies/ HIV
Idiopathic
Neurotic
Gravid (pruritus of pregancy)
Drugs
eXcretory dysfunctions (eg uremia) Horner's syndrome: components SAMPLE:
Sympathetic chain injury
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Ptosis
Loss of ciliospinal reflex
Enophthalmos Caplan syndrome: characteristics CAPlan:
Coal worker pneumoconiosis
Arthritis
Pulmonary nodule Anemia: non-megaloblastic causes of macrocytic anemia
HAND LAMP:
Hypothyroidism
Aplastic anaemia
Neonates
Drugs
Liver disease
Alcohol
Myelodyplasia
Pregnancy Acromegaly symptoms
ABCDEF:
Arthralgia/ Arthritis
Blood pressure raised
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Diabetes
Enlargemed organs
Field defect NSAIDs: contraindications NSAID:
Nursing and pregnancy
Serious bleeding
Allergy/ Asthma/ Angioedema
Impaired renal function
Drug (anticoagulant) ACEI: contraindictions PARK:
Pregnancy
Allergy
Renal artery stenosis
K increase (hyperkalemia) Pressure Sore: Norton Score MAGIC:
Mobility
ADL
General condition
Incontinence
Conscious level
"All Of My Blood Has Taken Some Poison":
Aplastic anaemias
Overwhelming sepsis
Megaloblastic anaemias
Bone marrow infiltration
Hypersplenism
TB
SLE
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria Haematology: key numbers
3 and 4 are key in in haematology:
1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.
There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.
There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.
There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin. Back trouble causes
O, VERSALIUS (Versalius was the name of a famous physician):
Osteomyelitis
Vertebral fracture
Extraspinal tumour
Spondylolisthesis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Lumbar disk increase
Intraspinal tumor
Unhappiness
Stress Sports injuries: course of action RICE:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
? RICE especially for fractures, sprains, muscle strains, contusions
? Alternatively: I=Immobilization, C=Cold compresses. Back pain causes DISK MASS (since near vertebral disc):
Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis)
Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture
Spondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
Kidney (stones, infarction, infection)
Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid)
Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm
Skin (herpes zoster)/ Strain/ Scoliosis and lordosis Slipped disk/ Spondylolisthesis Bronchiectasis: differential BRONCHIECTASIS:
Bronchial cyst
Repeated gastric acid aspiration
Or due to foreign bodies
Necrotizing pneumonia
Chemical corrosive substances
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Immotile cilia syndrome
Eosinophilia (pulmonary)
Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis (primary)
Atopic bronchial asthma
Streptococcal pneumonia
In Young's syndrome
Staphylococcal pneumonia Sickle cell disease complications SICKLE:
Strokes/ Swelling of hands and feet/ Spleen problems
Infections/ Infarctions
Crises (painful, sequestration, aplastic)/ Cholelithiasis/ Chest syndrome/ Chronic hemolysis/ Cardiac problems
Kidney disease
Liver disease/ Lung problems
Erection (priapism)/ Eye problems (retinopathy) ADP: role in platelet aggregation
ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets. Gynecomastia: common causes GYNECOMASTIA:
Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter)
Young boy (pubertal)*
Neonate*
Estrogen
Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers
Old age*
Marijuana
Alcoholism
Spironolactone
Tumors (Testicular & adrenal)
Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone
Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole)
? * Asterisk indicates physiologic cause. Lethargy, malaise causes FATIGUED:
Fat/ Food (poor diet)
Anemia
Tumor
Infection (HIV, endocarditis)
General joint or liver disease
Uremia
Endocrine (Addison's, myxedema)
Diabetes/ Depression/ Drugs Polycythemia Rubra Vera (PRV): common symptoms
PRV:
Plethora/ Pruritis
Ringing in ears
Visual blurriness Rashes: time of appearance after fever onset
"Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise":
? Number of days after fever onset that a rash will appear:
1 Day: Rubella
2 Days: Scarlet fever/ Smallpox
3 Days: Chickenpox
4 Days: Measles (and see the Koplik spots one day prior to rash)
5 Days: Typhus & rickettsia (this is variable)
6 Days: Nothing
7 Days: Enteric fever (salmonella) Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes
A MUDPILE CAT:
Alcohol
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Paraldehyde
Iron/ Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Carbamazepine
Aspirin
Toluene Bronchiectasis: causes
A SICK AIRWAY:
Airway lesion, chronic obstruction
Sequestration
Infection, inflamation
Cystic fibrosis
Kartagners syndrome
Allergic brochopulmonary aspergilliosis
Immunodeficiencies (hypogammaglobinaemia, myeloma, lymphoma)
Reflux, inhalation injury
William Campbell syndrome (and other congenitals)
Aspiration
Yellow nail syndrome/ Young syndrome Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis
"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss": There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis. HbA2: concentration in normal blood
HbA2: Concentration of HbA2 is 2% in normal adult blood. Ducket John's: major criteria
ACNES:
Arthritis
Carditis
Nodule (subcutaneous)
Erythrema marginatum
Sydenham chorea ICU management: A to Z
A: Asepsis/ Airway
B: Bed sore/ encourage Breathing/ Blood pressure
C: Circulation/ encourage Coughing/ Consciousness
D: Drains
E: ECG
F: Fluid status
G: GI losses/ Gag reflex
H: Head positioning/ Height
I: Insensible losses
J: Jugular venous pulse
K: Kindness
L: Limb care/ Label
M: Mouth care
N: Nociception/ Nutrition
O: Oxygenation/ Orient the patient
P: Pulse/ Peristalsis/ Physiotherapy
Q: Quiet surroundings
R: Respiratory rate/ Restraint
S: Stress ulcer/ Suctioning
T: Temperature
U: Urine
V: Ventilator
W: Wounds/ Weight
X: Xerosis
Y: whY
Z: Zestful care of the patient Hypercalcemia causes
MD PIMPS ME:
Malignancy
Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit)
Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Immobilization/ Idiopathic
Megadoses of vitamins A,D
Paget's disease
Sarcoidosis
Milk alkali syndrome
Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis) Left iliac fossa: causes of pain
SUPER CLOT:
Sigmoid diverticulitis
Uteric colic
PID
Ectopic pregnancy
Rectus sheath haematoma
Colorectal carcinoma
Left sided lower love pneumonia
Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture)
Threatened abortion/ Testicular torsion Respiratory disease: hand signs CASH:
Clubbing
Asterixis
Small muscle wasting
HPOA Clubbing: respiratory causes
ABCDEF:
Abcess (lung)
Bronchiectasis (including CF)
Cancer (lung)
Decreased oxygen (hypoxia)
Empyaema
Fibrosing alveolitis Pulmonary edema: treatments MAD DOG:
Morphine
Aminophylline
Digitalis
Diuretics
Oxygen
GGases in blood (ABG's) Hypercalcemia: causes GRIM FED:
Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
Renal faliure
Immobility (esp. long term)
Malignancy
Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)
? Endocrine causes are PATH:
Phaeochromocytoma
Addison's disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperparathyroidism Acute stridor: differentialABCDE?FGH:
? With fever: Abscess Bacterial tracheitis Croup Diphtheria Epiglottitis
? Without fever: Foreign body Gas (Toxic Gas) Hypersensitivity Hypercalcemia: differential VITAMIN TRAPS:
Vitamin A and D intoxication
Immobilization
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison's disease/ Acidosis
Milk-alkali syndrome
Inflammatory disorders
Neoplastic disease
Thiazides, other drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
AIDS
Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease Metabolic acidosis: causes USED CAR:
Ureteroenterostomy
Saline hydration
Endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroid, hyperthyroid, Addison's)
Diarrhea/ DKA/ Drugs
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Ammonium chloride
Renal tubular acidosis
? Alternatively: USED CARP, to include
Parenteral nutrition/ Pancreatic fistula. Pulmonary edema: treatment LMNOP:
Lasix
Morphine
Nitrates (NTG)
Oxygen
Position (upright vs. flat) Eosinophilia: differential NAACP:
Neoplasm
Allergy/ Asthma Addison's disease
Collagen vascular diseases
Parasites SIADH: diagnostic sign
Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone:
Increased
Na (sodium)
PP (urine)
? SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium. Thyroid storm: initial management PCP'S:
PTU - 1 gm po
Corticosteroids
Propranolol
SSKI Renal failure (acute): management
Manage AEIOU:
Anemia/ Acidosis
Electrolyte and fluids
Infections
Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting
Uremia Non-gap acidosis: causes HARD UP:
Hyperalimentation
Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
RTA
Diarrhea
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Pancreatic fistula Hemoptysis: causes HEMOPTYSIS:
Haemorrhagic diathesis
Edema [LVF due to mitral stenosis]
Malignancy
Others [eg: vasculitis]
Pulmonary vascular abnormalities
Trauma
Your treatment [anticoagulants]
SLE
Infarction in lungs
Septic Abdominal pain: medical causes "ABDOMENAL PANE" [abdominal pain]:
Acute rheumatic fever
Blood [purpura, a/c hemolytic crisis]
DKA
cOllagen vascular disease
Migraine [abdominal migraine]
Epilepsy [abdominal epilepsy]
Nephron [uremia]
Abdominal angina
Lead
Porphyria
Arsenic
NSAID's
Enteric fever Haemobilia: features MOB:
Melaena Obstructive jaundice Biliary colic Thickened nerves: causes
HANDS:
Hansen's (leprosy)
Amyloidosis
Neurofibromatosis
Diabetes mellitus
Sarcoidosis SIADH: major signs and symptoms
SIADH:
Spasms
Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx)
Anorexia
Disorientation (and other psychoses)
Hyponatremia Toxicity/ sepsis: signs 6 T's:
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Tremors
Toxic look
Tiredness
Temperature (fever) Macrocytic anemia: causes ABCDEF:
Alcohol + liver disease
B12 deficiency
Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)
Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy) Behcet's syndrome: diagnostic criteria
PROSE:
Pathergy test (i/d saline injection)
Recurrent genital ulceration
Oral ulceration (recurrent)
Skin lesions
Eye lesions
? Oral ulceration is central criteria, plus any 2 others. Metabolic acidosis: causes KUSSMAL:
Ketoacidosis
Uraemia
Sepsis
Salicylates
Methanol
Alcohol
Lactic acidosis Allopurinol: indications STORE:
Stones (history of renal stones)
Tophaceous gout (chronic)
Over-producers of urate
Renal disease
Elderly
Bonus: Probenecid indications are basically the opposite of STORE (no renal stone history, etc.). Raynaud's disease: causes BAD CT:
Blood disorders (eg polycythaemia)
Arterial (eg atherosclerosis, Buerger's)
Drugs (eg beta-blockers)
Connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)
Traumatic (eg vibration injury) Lead poisoning (chronic): features ABCDEFGHI:
Anaemia/ Anorexia/ Arthralgia/ Abortion/ Atrophy of optic nerve
Basophilic stippling of RBC (punctate basophilia)/ Burtonian line on gums
Colic/ Constipation/ Coprophyrin excess in urine/ Cerebraloedema
Drop (wrist, foot)
Encephalopathy/ Emaciation
Foul smell of breath/ Failure of kidneys/ Fanconi syndrome
Gonadal dysfunction/ Gout-like picture
High BP/ Headache/ Hallucination/ Hyperaesthesia
Impotence/ Insomnia/ Irritability Splenomegaly: causes CHICAGO:
Cancer Hem, onc Infection Congestion (portal hypertension) Autoimmune (RA, SLE) Glycogen storage disorders Other (amyloidosis) SIADH: causes SIADH:
Surgery
Intracranial: infection, head injury, CVA
Alveolar: Ca, pus
Drugs: opiates,antiepileptics, cytotoxics, anti-psychotics
Hormonal: hypothyroid, low corticosteroid level Ileus: causes MD SPUGERS:
Mesenteric ischemia
Drugs (see below)
Surgical (post-op)
Peritonitis/ Pancreatitis (sentinnel loop)
Unresolved mechanical obstruction (eg mass, intussusception, blockage)
Gram negative sepsis
Electrolyte imbalance (eg hypokalemia)
Retroperitoneal bleed or hematoma
Spinal or pelvic fracture
? Drugs are Aluminum hydroxide, Ba++, Ca carbonate, opiates, TCA, verapamil. Ulcers: types VAN:
Venous/ Vasculitic
Arterial
Neuropathic Pulmonary fibrosis: causes SCAR:
? Upper lobe:
Silicosis/ Sarcoidosis
Coal worker pneumonconiosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Radiation
? Lower lobe:
Systemic sclerosis
Cyptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
Asbetosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Dialysis indications HAVE PEE:
Hyperkalemia (refractory)
Acidosis (refractory)
Volume overload
Elevated BUN (> 36 mM)
Pericarditis
Encephalopathy
Edema (pulmonary) SLE: factors that make SLE active UV PRISM:
UV (sunshine)
Pregnancy
Reduced drug (eg steroid)
Infection
Stress
More drug Pruritus without rash: Ddx
ITCHING DX:
Infections (scabies, toxocariasis, etc)
Thyroidal and other endocrinopathies (eg diabetes mellitus)
Cancer
Hematologic diseases (eg iron deficiency)/ Hepatopathies/ HIV
Idiopathic
Neurotic
Gravid (pruritus of pregancy)
Drugs
eXcretory dysfunctions (eg uremia) Horner's syndrome: components SAMPLE:
Sympathetic chain injury
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Ptosis
Loss of ciliospinal reflex
Enophthalmos Caplan syndrome: characteristics CAPlan:
Coal worker pneumoconiosis
Arthritis
Pulmonary nodule Anemia: non-megaloblastic causes of macrocytic anemia
HAND LAMP:
Hypothyroidism
Aplastic anaemia
Neonates
Drugs
Liver disease
Alcohol
Myelodyplasia
Pregnancy Acromegaly symptoms
ABCDEF:
Arthralgia/ Arthritis
Blood pressure raised
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Diabetes
Enlargemed organs
Field defect NSAIDs: contraindications NSAID:
Nursing and pregnancy
Serious bleeding
Allergy/ Asthma/ Angioedema
Impaired renal function
Drug (anticoagulant) ACEI: contraindictions PARK:
Pregnancy
Allergy
Renal artery stenosis
K increase (hyperkalemia) Pressure Sore: Norton Score MAGIC:
Mobility
ADL
General condition
Incontinence
Conscious level
